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History Of Pakistan

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    Brief History of Pakistan

The creation of Pakistan as the largest Muslim State in the world is a significant event in the annual of twentieth century. It is an important feat of Quaid e Azam that he united the largest Muslim population of south Asia and made them a nation established a separate sovereign state and embarked up on a mission to promote Islamic Values and Ideal.

When in the course of human events it became necessary for one person to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the power of the earth, The separate and equal station to which the law of nature and of God entitle them at the decent respect to the opinion of man kind requires that they should declare the causes, which impel them separation.

Mohammed Ali Jinah saw that there was a third force in south Asia constituting the Muslim. The all India Muslim Legue under his gifted leadership gradually and skillfully started organizing the Muslim on one platform towards the separation. Muslim of Their separate identity and their anxiety to preserve it with in separate territorial boundaries what brought this simmering Muslim Nationalism is open was the character of Congress rule in the Muslim minority provinces during 1937-39.

The Congress policies hurt in these provinces, Muslims susceptibilities these where calculated aims to obliterate the Muslims as a separate clutter unit. The Muslims now stopped thinking interns of seeking save guard and begin to consider seriously the demand for a separate Muslim State during 1937 to 1939. Several Muslim leaders and thinkers inspired by Allama Iqbal?s ideas presented elaborate schemes for partitioning the Subcontinent according to Two-Nation Theory.

Two Nation Theory (Sir syed Ahamed Khan)

Demand for Pakistan was based on the TWO NATION THEORY who meant the Hindu and Muslim are different from each other. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first leader who foresented the two nation theory he was the pioneer of two nation theory. He was the first man to use the word (two nations) for Hindu & Muslim {Sir Syed Ahmed} has later for congress and Hindus towards the nation can not stay in a single country and the future of Muslims will safe only when their own separate country.

                Those who live after me would see that these two nations, Hindus and Muslims would not live together.

The all India Muslim League soon took these schemes into consideration and finally on March, 23 rd 1940, the all India Muslim league in a resolution, at it historic Lahore session, made a declaration demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims.

In the Muslim majority regions of the sub continent. The resolution was commonly referred to as the Pakistan resolution. The Pakistan demand had a great appeal for the Muslims of every persuasion .it revived memories of there past greatness and promised Muslim league had been trying for the last 25 years, to reach an honorable agreement with congress on the following two principles:

Congress rule should recognize Muslim league as the representative body of the Muslims of INDIA.
The Muslims of India should not be taken as a mere minor community; on the other hand they should be recognized as a nation. However, the recent two-year of congress rule proved that it worked on the basis of hostility against Muslims.

The provincial Muslim league at Karachi had already passed a resolution adopting the two-nation theory in October 1938. The two-nation theory started that the Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations. It was finally at its annual meeting held at Lahore on March 23, 1940 that the Muslim for the first time categorically adopted the idea of partition of India as its final destination.


The Pakistan Resolution Of 1940
The working committee of Muslim league in its Merrut session in 1939 appointed a committee to consider different constitutional proposal Quaid-E-Azam was the chairman of this committee, after due consideration presented its famous resolution on march 23,1940 at Lahore session which is known as Lahore resolution or Pakistan resolution, the line of action was crystal clear, the only solution of all the problems lay in the partition of the sub- continent.

The concept of a free Muslim state was so well received by the Muslim of South Asia that they did not only display rare zeal, enthusiasm, unity and discipline but shirked no sacrifice for the fulfillment of their cherished goal. This accelerated the pace of movement and within a very short period of time their dream become a reality.

Sir Stafford Cripps Proposals of 1942
In the initial stages of the world war, Britain had to face many defeats on different fronts. Japanese force had reached Burma. Sensing danger, the British government, in order to appease the people of south Asia and seek their support in war efforts sent Sir Stafford Cripps with certain proposals. It was said in the proposals that South Asia would get independence after war was over.

Congress opposed the proposals on the basis of power to provinces for separating away from the federation, which led to the possibility of the creation of Pakistan. In addition to that, it did like the idea of sharing power with any other party or its representatives. Muslim League had; at least, this much comfort that there was a ray of hope for the establishment of Pakistan but it was not satisfied with Pakistan. Congress and Muslim league, there fore, rejected the proposals for their own reasons.

Quit-India Movement and Gandhi ? Jinnah Talks
After the return of Cripps, congress launched a rebellious movement against the government which was named as?? Quit India Movement ? its sole objective was to compel the government to bow before the congress and, irrespective of Muslim League demand, hand over power to it. This movement led to an open rebellion.

The rail tracks were uprooted, wires were cut and damage to government property was caused on massive scale. The government took stern action, jailed Congress Leader and crushed the uprising. Muslim did not support congress in this Movement which proved, beyond doubt, that no Movement could achieve success unless it was supported by Muslim also.

In 1944, Mr. Gandhi was released from jail. He initiated talks with the Quaid-E-Azam but the dialogue bore no fruit because Mr. Gandhi was not prepared to accept Muslims as a separate.

Simla Conference and Elections
The war scenario had considerably changed by 1945 and the British were sure of its victory. Therefore, Lord Wavell declared that the executive council of the viceroy shall exclusively comprise Indian Members and all political parties will have representation in such a proportion that the number of the upper-castle Hindus shall be equal.

A conference was held at Simla in June 1945-46 but the conference failed to decide whether Muslim League was the sole representative body of the Muslims or not, it was, therefore, left to the people to give their verdict.
In the winter of 1945-46 general elections were held. Muslim League won all the thirty Muslims seats in the central assembly. In the provinces, it captured90 of Muslim seats. Thus, it proved its claim that it was the real representative of Muslims and, any political settlement, it could not be ignored.

1946 Resolution
The Quaid-E-Azam called a conversation of all the Muslim League members of central and provincial assembly at Delhi in April 1946. Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy presented
a resolution in this convention which demanded the establishment of an independent state of the northeast Muslim majority areas of the sub-continent.

Cabinet Mission Plan
In 1945, Labor party came in power in England. In March 1946, it sent 3 of its cabinet members on a mission to South Asia. The mission held talks with the congress and the Muslim League leaders but could not arrive at any agreement. On May 16, 1946 the mission announced its own plan.

Interim Government
The cabinet mission plan provided for a condition that the party, which agreed to the plan, shall be invited to form the government, but the Labor government had sympathy with the Congress and wanted to appease it under all circumstances. Therefore, it kept Muslim League away from the government under intrigue and the congress formed the interim government. This treachery caused great resentment and communal violence and riot broke out in the nook and corner of the country.

Viceroy now realized his mistake and requested Muslim League to join the government. This government had fourteen ministers, six from Congress, five from Muslim League and the three nominated by the Viceroy. There were serious differences among the members of different parties which had joined the Cabinet and, as a consequence, the interim government miserably failed.

Mountbatten and the Partition of Sub-Continent
In March 1947, Lords Wavell was called back to England and, in his place, Lord Mountbatten was appointed as the Viceroy. his attitude from the beginning was pro-Congress and anti ?Muslim League . despite this, he was convinced after exchange views with the Indian Leaders , that there was no solution other than the partition of sub-continent. .

Consequently, he announced his plan on June 3, 1947.the plan envisaged that Sub-continent will be partitioned into two separate states, which shall have dominion status in the bingeing .the Punjab, and Bengal shall be partitioned into two provinces each. for purpose, two Boundary commissions shall be formed . referendum shall be held in N.W.F.P. and Sylhet   (the Muslim district of Assam] .

The Legislative assemblies of Sind and Assam shall decide the future of their provinces; the princely states were free to join any dominion taking into account their religious composition. The Congress and Muslim League reluctantly accepted this plan. Thus after an enduring political struggle and with the unflinching faith and unabated hard work, Pakistan emerged on the world map as a great Muslim state on the fateful day of august 14,1947.

          Initial Problems of Pakistan

Administrative problems
India created numerous problems for Pakistan from the very beginning. So much so that difficulties were experienced for running the day-to-day administration of the country.
Karachi was made the capital of Pakistan. Many offices of the central government were established in barracks due to shortage of accommodation. The trains which were carrying necessary official records pertaining to the new state and government servants who had opted for Pakistan from Delhi were attacked by Hindu extremists and important record was burnt and many precious lives were lost. Under these most tragic and awe some circumstances, the people of Pakistan, in general, and the government servants, in particular, did not lose heart and worked with greater zeal and enthusiasm for the progress and betterment of the people and country.

Refugee Problem
After partition, Hindus and Sikhs under a well-planned policy, started anti-Muslim riots in the whole of India, particularly in the Eastern Punjab and its adjoining areas. Millions of innocent Muslim men, women and children, young and old were mercilessly killed, young women and molested and tortured and several hundred thousands of wounded destitute hungry people arrived daily into Pakistan. Food, shelter, medicine education, permanent settlement and employment to these refugees had to be required bringing further constraint on resources.   The new state had hardly enough to sustain itself. This humanitarian financial burden had to borne. The temporary refugee camps, established, were quite insufficient to meet the needs growing number of people. the government established temporary refugee camps, but these proved to be very inadequate insufficient   for the ever ?increasing number of incoming refugees .entering Pakistan , the circumstances were such that the refugees would have felt the pinch of poverty and adversity and might have fallen victim to despondency and frustration or the   people of Pakistan would have displayed selfishness . but nothing of the sort happened. the people of Pakistan would have displayed selfishness. But nothing of the sort happened. The people of Pakistan and new entrants in the state were united under the dynamic leadership of Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who steered the nation out of its trouble times during the early days of its life.

Accession of Kashmir
On August 12,1948 and January 5, 1949, the Security Council adopted
Two resolutions for the solution of the Kashmir problem these resolutions were accepted by the governments of Pakistan and India.

Cease-fire should at once be enforced and line of control between the Azad Kashmir and occupied Kashmir should be decided under the supervision of the UN commission.

Both the governments should withdraw their forces from Kashmir. The plebiscite should be held under the auspices of the United Nation.

Cease-fire was effected in accordance with the Security Council resolutions but plebiscite in the state has not been held till today and the Kashmir problem has remained as the as the bone of contention between the two states. between 1949 to 1953, many U. N observers and administration of plebiscite   were appointed . Pakistan fully co-operated with, but India turned down the proposals on one or the other pre-text.
The UN Security Council efforts in 1957 met with failure due to Indian obduracy.

Both the countries held talks on this matter at the foreign ministers level in 1962 at Rawalpindi and in 1963 Delhi. another efforts were made in 1964 but nothing could be achieved .

Many wars have been fought between the two countries on the issue of Kashmir but, unfortunately, due to traditional colonial attitude of India, still remains unresolved and a cause of tension between the two states.


   Advising The Students To Pay Full Attention Towards Their Studies

The Quaid e Azam was fully conscious of the importance of young people in a society. Youth is a future of any country. Having this consideration in mind, he emphasized upon the young people in his address to student at Peshawar to devote their full attention towards the attainment of knowledge. He praised the role of students in the struggle for Pakistan but he advised them to keep themselves away from the politics of violence.

Quaid e Azam, with his qualities of leader farsightedness and sagacity, not only achieved a separate independent sovereign state for the Muslims of sub continent, but also worked day and night for making it strong and prosperous. He laid down the guiding principles for nascent nation to follow. It is our bounden duty not to play a full, positive and active role and see to it that Pakistan achieves the ideals set before it by its great leader and make it an impregnable fort for the Muslim world.

Establishment of an Islamic Democrat
Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947 as a new independent and sovereign Muslim state. The Muslim of South Asia achieved Pakistan after a long and arduous democratic struggle, which began after the failure of the armed uprising for independence in 1857 with the launching of educational and social reform movement by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Quid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah successfully led the Muslims of South Asia towards their cherished goal and through his constant hard work, Untiring efforts, high qualities of leadership and intellectual caliber, he won for them a separate homeland after a long constitutional struggle.

The Quaid e Azam had provided the outline for constitution making in his speech on August 11,1947 while performing the opening ceremony of the constituent assembly as its President. He exhorted the member to keep themselves away from bribery, corruption, black marketing, nepotism, favoritism and jobbery. he opposed racial, linguistic, regional and religious bigotry.

He said that all the citizens of Pakistan have equal rights democratic and civil. They enjoy equal opportunities. He did not live long and died on September 11,1948 before he could give constitution to his people.

The First Constitution of Pakistan [1956 AD]
Choudhery Muhammad Ali presented the draft constitution in the newly constituted constituent assembly and got it passed within less than one year?s time. The new constitution was promulgated from March 23, 1956. There were 234 article ands appendices in this constitution. Islam was declared the identity of Pakistan and foundation of its political system.

The Martial Law of 1958
The 1956 constitution could remain in forces only for two and half years and on October 7,1958 Major general Iskender Mirza with the help of the armed forces under the command of General Mohammed Ayoub Khan abrogated the constitution and imposed martial law in the country. Between August 14,1947 and October 7, 1958, the political intrigue, chaos and undemocratic ways had reached the climax. Uncertainty and insecurity created utter frustration among the people.

The Constitution of 1962 and its Salient Features
Like the 1956 constitution Pakistan was declared an Islamic Republic and the objectives resolution was retained as its preamble. An Islamic ideology council was established under the constitution of 1962. The members of this council were asked to review the prevalent laws in the country and point out the UN Islamic provision. This institution was authorized to give opinion on the Islamic status of the new draft laws and administrative decision.

Government was not legally bound to follow the decisions of the Islamic ideology council because its nature was advisory only. An institute of Islamic research was establishment under the constitution so as to promote Islamic jurisprudence FIQH and historical research on the modern requirements.

The crisis of 1970 - 71
The martial law administration had held the elections under a legal framework order, which incorporated the future constitutional out lines also. It put a condition that the elected national assembly would meet as a constitution making body and frame the constitution for the country within ninety days, failing which, it would stand, dissolved.

The election results vertically divided the country in two clear-cut groups. In East Pakistan, AWAMI, league achieved landslide victory but it failed to win a single seat in any of the other provinces. The Pakistan people?s party, which performed well in Singh and the Punjab, had no presence in East Pakistan.

All these circumstances contributed toward the fact that there was not a single party, which claim of having political influence in all the provinces of the country.

Under these circumstances contributed towards the fact that there was not a single party which could claim of having political influence in all provinces of the country.

The Indo ?Pak War of 1971
In the meanwhile, A Kashmir group hijacked an Indian passenger plane and landed it at the Lahore airport. The passengers and the crew were released and the plain ?Gang? was put to torch. India made this event a pretext of banning all flights of Pakistani planes over its territories, blocking the air passage to East Pakistan. Pakistani planes had to cover three times more distances to reach DHAKA VIA SRILANKA.
Ultimately, the martial law authorities decided to use the armed forces. In the military operations, the armed volunteers of JAMAAT E ISLAMI also took part and used the occasion to settle old scores with their political opponents. As a result of military action, many worker of AWAMI LEAGUE fled to India and took refugee there. India trained and armed this worker and sent them back to East Pakistan to fight against the Pakistan army. These armed volunteers of ?MUKTI BAHINI? continued their struggle and guerilla activities. On December 3, 1971 the war between Pakistan and India began. Due to the lack of support of the local populace and the poor arrangement of supply of men and material, Pakistani soldiers surrendered before the Indian army on December 16,1971 whereas the cease fire on West Pakistan front was declared without launching a significant attack. On December 16, 1971 East Pakistan became an independent and free State of Bangladesh. Many countries including the big powers of the world readily recognized it.

The 1977 martial law
General Zia ul Haq after the forcible capture of power announced that general election will be held within ninety days restrictions were imposed on the freedom of expression and political activities were bend. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and other political leaders were taken in protective custody. Afterwards PNA was included in the government and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was arrested on the charges of conspiracy to murder Nawab Mohammed Ahmed Khan.

The murder conspiracy case was heard in the Lahore high court presided over by Molvi Mushtaq Hussein and on the evidence of approvers Bhutto was awarded death sentence.

Islamization of society under martial law
Many political parties and leader have been using the name of Islam in Pakistan ever since its inception. In this direction certain steps were also taken in different periods which included the adoption of the objective resolution in 1949 and the declaration of Islam as a state religion and the definition of a Muslim in the constitution.

Election of 1985 and the lifting of martial law
General Zia UL Haq accordingly decided to end martial law by December 1984. For this purpose, he got himself elected as president for a five-year term in the referendum. Later, he made an amendment in the constitution under a martial law order called ? eight amendment ?. This amendment gave power to the president to keep the Prime Minister and assemblies under his control. After this amendment in February 1985, general elections were held in the country on non-party basis. In March 1985, elections to senate were completed. On March 23, 1985 Zia UL Haq took oath of office as an elected president and nominated Muhammad Khan Junejo as non-party Prime Minister. In August 1988, General Zia UL Haq died in a plane crash near Bahawalpur and the chairman of the senate; Ghulam Ishaq khan became the president in his place.

The election of 1988
After the death of Zia UL Haq, Supreme Court declared the non-party election illegal and unconstitutional. As such general elections on party basis were held in 1988 after an interlude of eleven years.

The election of 1990
The political difference between the government of Punjab and the federal government reached such a pass that president Ghulam Ishaq Khan had to dissolve national and all provincial assemblies and installed caretaker governments. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was made caretaker chief

Minister of the Punjab and the leader of opposition in the national assembly. Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Jotai was appointed as caretaker Prime Minister. In the 1990 elections I.J.I. achieved a majority and formed government at the Center and in all provinces.

The election of 1993
General election was held under the supervision of caretaker government in 1993. In addition to center, Pakistan democratic front [PDF], which included people?s party and a small faction of Muslim League [Junjo group], formed government in the Punjab and Sindh. Benazir Bhutto became the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second time and Farooq Ahmed Leghari was elected as president.

The election of 1997
On November 5, 1996 President Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari dismissed the Benazir Bhutto government on the charges of lawlessness, corruption and bad administration. He also dissolved the national and provincial assemblies.
On February 3, 1997, elections were held for the national and provincial assemblies simultaneously. Pakistan Muslim League won these elections with a wide margin. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif became the Prime Minister of second time.

               Causes of political turmoil
The history of Pakistan is the half-century of its existence is rent with political crisis and attendant insecurity. The following are the main causes of such a sorry of affairs:

Political parties in Pakistan seldom paid any attention towards the internal organization of their parties. They instead hankered after power, involving themselves in political intrigues and manipulations.

There is a general tendency of shifting political loyalties. The coming into power and the exit there from was generally punctuated by a shift in political loyalties.

A tug of war for the top slot in power ensued among the party ranks, resulting in the formation of factual groups under the splinter leader. The Muslim League has faced this all the more as compared to other parties. At least nine factions of Muslim League operate in the politics arena of the country.

Under the growing influence of landed aristocracy, the wishes of the common man were generally trampled yielding no place to the poor in the political transaction of the parties.

Pakistan was ruled by military dictator for almost 26 years precluded the democrat tradition from taking their roots in the society.

The supremacy of law could not be implemented in letter and spirit.

There was no systemic provision for accountability consequently those who violated the law and acted unlawfully could brought to book.

No attempts were made to install the spirit of democracy in the society. Elections alone do not describe democracy and need to be translated into real benefits to all and sundry.

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